See proto-language on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*per-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-#Proto-Indo-European:_before"
],
[
"*per-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-#Proto-Indo-European:_fare"
],
[
"*pér",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pér"
],
[
"*-o",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-o"
],
[
"*pró",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pró#Proto-Indo-European:_toward"
],
[
"πρό",
"πρό#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"-ᾰτος",
"-ατος#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"πρῶτος",
"πρῶτος#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"πρωτο-",
"πρωτο-#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
],
[
"*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s#Proto-Indo-European:_tongue"
],
[
"*dn̥ɣwā",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/dn̥ɣwā#Proto-Italic:_tongue"
],
[
"dingua",
"dingua#Latin:_tongue"
],
[
"lingua",
"lingua#Latin"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-éh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-tós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tós#Proto-Indo-European:_verbal_adjectives"
],
[
"*-eh₂tos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂tos#Proto-Indo-European:_adjectival"
],
[
"*-ātos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ātos#Proto-Italic:_forming_adjectives"
],
[
"-ātus",
"-atus#Latin:_adjective"
],
[
"*-ikos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ikos"
],
[
"*-ikos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ikos#Proto-Italic:_-ic"
],
[
"-icus",
"-icus#Latin:_adjectival_suffix"
],
[
"-āticus",
"-aticus#Latin:_forming_adjectives"
],
[
"-āticum",
"-aticum#Latin"
],
[
"*linguāticum",
"Reconstruction:Latin/linguaticum"
],
[
"language",
"language#Old_French"
],
[
"langage",
"langage#Middle_English"
],
[
"language",
"language#English"
],
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
],
[
"language",
"language#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "proto-",
"4": "language",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *per-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *per-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *pér\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *próder.\nAncient Greek πρό (pró)\nAncient Greek -ᾰτος (-ătos)\nAncient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos)\nAncient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)lbor.\nEnglish proto-\nProto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s\nProto-Italic *dn̥ɣwā\nLatin dingua\nLatin lingua\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos\nProto-Italic *-ātos\nLatin -ātus\nProto-Indo-European *-ikos\nProto-Italic *-ikos\nLatin -icus\nLatin -āticus\nLatin -āticum\nVulgar Latin *linguāticum\nOld French languagebor.\nMiddle English langage\nEnglish language\nEnglish proto-language\n[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"toward\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"fare\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*pér\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-o\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*pró\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρό\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ᾰτος\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\", \"pos\" : \"superlative suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρῶτος\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρωτο-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"proto-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"tongue, language\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"tongue\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"tongue\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"tongue\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*dn̥ɣwā\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"dingua\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"lingua\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"forming adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"forming adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectival\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"verbal adjectives\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂tos\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ātos\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ātus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"adjectival suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"-ic\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-ikos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ikos\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-icus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-āticus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-āticum\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\", \"pos\" : \"noun-forming suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Vulgar Latin\", \"term\" : \"*linguāticum\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-vul\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"language\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"langage\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"language\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"proto-language\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"proto-language\">\nFrom proto- + language.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *per-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *per-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *pér\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *próder.\nAncient Greek πρό (pró)\nAncient Greek -ᾰτος (-ătos)\nAncient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos)\nAncient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)lbor.\nEnglish proto-\nProto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s\nProto-Italic *dn̥ɣwā\nLatin dingua\nLatin lingua\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos\nProto-Italic *-ātos\nLatin -ātus\nProto-Indo-European *-ikos\nProto-Italic *-ikos\nLatin -icus\nLatin -āticus\nLatin -āticum\nVulgar Latin *linguāticum\nOld French languagebor.\nMiddle English langage\nEnglish language\nEnglish proto-language\nFrom proto- + language.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "proto-languages",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "protolanguage",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "proto-language (countable and uncountable, plural proto-languages)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "reconstructed language"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "en:Linguistics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "78 22",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries referencing pages with etymology sections missing etymons",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "77 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "77 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "76 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "75 25",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms prefixed with proto-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Entries with translation boxes",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "76 24",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "80 20",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Armenian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "83 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Asturian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Belarusian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Cantonese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Catalan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Czech translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "91 9",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Danish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "83 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Dutch translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "85 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Esperanto translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Estonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Finnish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "87 13",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with French translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Galician translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Georgian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "85 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with German translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "82 18",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Greek translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "77 23",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hindi translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "83 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Hungarian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Icelandic translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Indonesian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Italian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Japanese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Kashmiri translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Kazakh translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Korean translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Macedonian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "81 19",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Mandarin translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Norwegian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Polish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Portuguese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "83 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Romanian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "85 15",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Russian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "83 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Sicilian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovak translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Slovene translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "83 17",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Spanish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Swedish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Turkish translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Tuvan translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "84 16",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Terms with Vietnamese translations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
37,
51
]
],
"ref": "2025 December 12, Tom Hercules Davies, “Horses, Wheels, Languages: Greek, Mesopotamian and Indic Epic on the Eurasian Steppe”, in The Classical Quarterly, volume 75, number 1, page 5:",
"text": "Just as Greek and Sanskrit reflect a proto-language, so do the Cypria and the Mahābhārata reflect a proto-story.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A language which is reconstructed by examining similarities in existing languages in order to deduce the form and aspects of a common ancestor language that is no longer known."
],
"id": "en-proto-language-en-noun-DV8M9vR2",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"language",
"language"
],
[
"reconstruct",
"reconstruct"
],
[
"similarities",
"similarity"
],
[
"existing",
"existing"
],
[
"language",
"language"
],
[
"in order to",
"in order to"
],
[
"deduce",
"deduce"
],
[
"form",
"form"
],
[
"aspect",
"aspect"
],
[
"ancestor",
"ancestor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A language which is reconstructed by examining similarities in existing languages in order to deduce the form and aspects of a common ancestor language that is no longer known."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
],
"translations": [
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "naxalezu",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "նախալեզու"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protollingua"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ulu dil"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "protodil"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "kök dil"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "pramóva",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "прамо́ва"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "praezík",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "праези́к"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protollengua"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"lang_code": "yue",
"roman": "zou² jyu⁵",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "祖語 /祖语"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "zǔyǔ",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "祖語 /祖语"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "yuánshǐyǔ",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "原始語 /原始语"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "prajazyk"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ursprog"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "vooroudertaal"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "pralingvo"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "algkeel"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "kantakieli"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protolangue"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protolingua"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "puʒeena",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ფუძეენა"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "c̣inare ena",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "წინარე ენა"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "ṗroṭo-ena",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "პროტო-ენა"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "saerto ena",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "საერთო ენა"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Ursprache"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "protoglóssa",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "πρωτογλώσσα"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"lang_code": "hi",
"roman": "ādibhāṣā",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "आदिभाषा"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "alapnyelv"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ősnyelv"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "protonyelv"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "frummál"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "bahasa proto"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protolingua"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"alt": "そご",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "sogo",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "祖語"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "ks",
"lang": "Kashmiri",
"lang_code": "ks",
"roman": "jad zabān",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "جَد زَبان"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "atatil",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ататіл"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "tektil",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "тектіл"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "tüptil",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "түптіл"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "peuroto'eo",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "프로토어"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "prokalbė"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "prajazik",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "прајазик"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "urspråk"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"word": "prajęzyk"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protolíngua"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protolimbă"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "prajazýk",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "праязы́к"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "prutulingua"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "prajazyk"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "protojazyk"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "prajezik"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protolengua"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "urspråk"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "proto dil"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ön dil"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ana dil"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"roman": "ögbe dıl",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "өгбе дыл"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "pramóva",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "прамо́ва"
},
{
"_dis1": "87 13",
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "tiền ngôn ngữ"
}
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Linguistics",
"orig": "en:Linguistics",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"The early utterances produced by an infant before it acquires a true language."
],
"id": "en-proto-language-en-noun-wFxNWNjD",
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"utterance",
"utterance"
],
[
"infant",
"infant"
],
[
"acquire",
"acquire"
],
[
"language",
"language"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) The early utterances produced by an infant before it acquires a true language."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɹəʊtəʊˌlæŋɡwɪdʒ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-proto-language.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-language.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-language.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-language.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-language.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "ur-language"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Ursprache"
}
],
"word": "proto-language"
}
{
"categories": [
"English countable nouns",
"English entries referencing pages with etymology sections missing etymons",
"English entries with etymology texts",
"English entries with etymology trees",
"English entries with etymon",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English multiword terms",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (before)",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (fare)",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s",
"English terms prefixed with proto-",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Entries with translation boxes",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Terms with Armenian translations",
"Terms with Asturian translations",
"Terms with Azerbaijani translations",
"Terms with Belarusian translations",
"Terms with Bulgarian translations",
"Terms with Cantonese translations",
"Terms with Catalan translations",
"Terms with Czech translations",
"Terms with Danish translations",
"Terms with Dutch translations",
"Terms with Esperanto translations",
"Terms with Estonian translations",
"Terms with Finnish translations",
"Terms with French translations",
"Terms with Galician translations",
"Terms with Georgian translations",
"Terms with German translations",
"Terms with Greek translations",
"Terms with Hindi translations",
"Terms with Hungarian translations",
"Terms with Icelandic translations",
"Terms with Indonesian translations",
"Terms with Italian translations",
"Terms with Japanese translations",
"Terms with Kashmiri translations",
"Terms with Kazakh translations",
"Terms with Korean translations",
"Terms with Lithuanian translations",
"Terms with Macedonian translations",
"Terms with Mandarin translations",
"Terms with Norwegian translations",
"Terms with Polish translations",
"Terms with Portuguese translations",
"Terms with Romanian translations",
"Terms with Russian translations",
"Terms with Sicilian translations",
"Terms with Slovak translations",
"Terms with Slovene translations",
"Terms with Spanish translations",
"Terms with Swedish translations",
"Terms with Turkish translations",
"Terms with Tuvan translations",
"Terms with Ukrainian translations",
"Terms with Vietnamese translations"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*per-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-#Proto-Indo-European:_before"
],
[
"*per-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/per-#Proto-Indo-European:_fare"
],
[
"*pér",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pér"
],
[
"*-o",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-o"
],
[
"*pró",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/pró#Proto-Indo-European:_toward"
],
[
"πρό",
"πρό#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"-ᾰτος",
"-ατος#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"πρῶτος",
"πρῶτος#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"πρωτο-",
"πρωτο-#Ancient_Greek"
],
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
],
[
"*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s#Proto-Indo-European:_tongue"
],
[
"*dn̥ɣwā",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/dn̥ɣwā#Proto-Italic:_tongue"
],
[
"dingua",
"dingua#Latin:_tongue"
],
[
"lingua",
"lingua#Latin"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-éh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-tós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tós#Proto-Indo-European:_verbal_adjectives"
],
[
"*-eh₂tos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂tos#Proto-Indo-European:_adjectival"
],
[
"*-ātos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ātos#Proto-Italic:_forming_adjectives"
],
[
"-ātus",
"-atus#Latin:_adjective"
],
[
"*-ikos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-ikos"
],
[
"*-ikos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ikos#Proto-Italic:_-ic"
],
[
"-icus",
"-icus#Latin:_adjectival_suffix"
],
[
"-āticus",
"-aticus#Latin:_forming_adjectives"
],
[
"-āticum",
"-aticum#Latin"
],
[
"*linguāticum",
"Reconstruction:Latin/linguaticum"
],
[
"language",
"language#Old_French"
],
[
"langage",
"langage#Middle_English"
],
[
"language",
"language#English"
],
[
"proto-",
"proto-#English"
],
[
"language",
"language#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "proto-",
"4": "language",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *per-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *per-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *pér\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *próder.\nAncient Greek πρό (pró)\nAncient Greek -ᾰτος (-ătos)\nAncient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos)\nAncient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)lbor.\nEnglish proto-\nProto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s\nProto-Italic *dn̥ɣwā\nLatin dingua\nLatin lingua\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos\nProto-Italic *-ātos\nLatin -ātus\nProto-Indo-European *-ikos\nProto-Italic *-ikos\nLatin -icus\nLatin -āticus\nLatin -āticum\nVulgar Latin *linguāticum\nOld French languagebor.\nMiddle English langage\nEnglish language\nEnglish proto-language\n[Appendix:Glossary#learned_borrowing|Learned borrowing]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"toward\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"before\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"fare\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*per-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*pér\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-o\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*pró\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρό\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"-ᾰτος\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"grc\", \"pos\" : \"superlative suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρῶτος\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Ancient Greek\", \"term\" : \"πρωτο-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"grc\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"lbor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"proto-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"tongue, language\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"tongue\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"tongue\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"tongue\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*dn̥ɣwā\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"dingua\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"lingua\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"forming adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjective\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"forming adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"adjectival\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"verbal adjectives\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂tos\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ātos\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ātus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"adjectival suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"-ic\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-ikos\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-ikos\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-icus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-āticus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-āticum\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\", \"pos\" : \"noun-forming suffix\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Vulgar Latin\", \"term\" : \"*linguāticum\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-vul\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"language\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"langage\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"language\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"proto-language\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"proto-language\">\nFrom proto- + language.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *per-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *per-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *pér\nProto-Indo-European *-o\nProto-Indo-European *próder.\nAncient Greek πρό (pró)\nAncient Greek -ᾰτος (-ătos)\nAncient Greek πρῶτος (prôtos)\nAncient Greek πρωτο- (prōto-)lbor.\nEnglish proto-\nProto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s\nProto-Italic *dn̥ɣwā\nLatin dingua\nLatin lingua\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos\nProto-Italic *-ātos\nLatin -ātus\nProto-Indo-European *-ikos\nProto-Italic *-ikos\nLatin -icus\nLatin -āticus\nLatin -āticum\nVulgar Latin *linguāticum\nOld French languagebor.\nMiddle English langage\nEnglish language\nEnglish proto-language\nFrom proto- + language.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "proto-languages",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "protolanguage",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "proto-language (countable and uncountable, plural proto-languages)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "reconstructed language"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Linguistics"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
37,
51
]
],
"ref": "2025 December 12, Tom Hercules Davies, “Horses, Wheels, Languages: Greek, Mesopotamian and Indic Epic on the Eurasian Steppe”, in The Classical Quarterly, volume 75, number 1, page 5:",
"text": "Just as Greek and Sanskrit reflect a proto-language, so do the Cypria and the Mahābhārata reflect a proto-story.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"A language which is reconstructed by examining similarities in existing languages in order to deduce the form and aspects of a common ancestor language that is no longer known."
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"language",
"language"
],
[
"reconstruct",
"reconstruct"
],
[
"similarities",
"similarity"
],
[
"existing",
"existing"
],
[
"language",
"language"
],
[
"in order to",
"in order to"
],
[
"deduce",
"deduce"
],
[
"form",
"form"
],
[
"aspect",
"aspect"
],
[
"ancestor",
"ancestor"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) A language which is reconstructed by examining similarities in existing languages in order to deduce the form and aspects of a common ancestor language that is no longer known."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"en:Linguistics"
],
"glosses": [
"The early utterances produced by an infant before it acquires a true language."
],
"links": [
[
"linguistics",
"linguistics"
],
[
"utterance",
"utterance"
],
[
"infant",
"infant"
],
[
"acquire",
"acquire"
],
[
"language",
"language"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(linguistics) The early utterances produced by an infant before it acquires a true language."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"linguistics",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈpɹəʊtəʊˌlæŋɡwɪdʒ/"
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-proto-language.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-language.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-language.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-language.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-proto-language.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Southern-England"
]
}
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "ur-language"
},
{
"word": "Ursprache"
}
],
"translations": [
{
"code": "hy",
"lang": "Armenian",
"lang_code": "hy",
"roman": "naxalezu",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "նախալեզու"
},
{
"code": "ast",
"lang": "Asturian",
"lang_code": "ast",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protollingua"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ulu dil"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "protodil"
},
{
"code": "az",
"lang": "Azerbaijani",
"lang_code": "az",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "kök dil"
},
{
"code": "be",
"lang": "Belarusian",
"lang_code": "be",
"roman": "pramóva",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "прамо́ва"
},
{
"code": "bg",
"lang": "Bulgarian",
"lang_code": "bg",
"roman": "praezík",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "праези́к"
},
{
"code": "ca",
"lang": "Catalan",
"lang_code": "ca",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protollengua"
},
{
"code": "yue",
"lang": "Chinese Cantonese",
"lang_code": "yue",
"roman": "zou² jyu⁵",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "祖語 /祖语"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "zǔyǔ",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "祖語 /祖语"
},
{
"code": "cmn",
"lang": "Chinese Mandarin",
"lang_code": "cmn",
"roman": "yuánshǐyǔ",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "原始語 /原始语"
},
{
"code": "cs",
"lang": "Czech",
"lang_code": "cs",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "prajazyk"
},
{
"code": "da",
"lang": "Danish",
"lang_code": "da",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ursprog"
},
{
"code": "nl",
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "vooroudertaal"
},
{
"code": "eo",
"lang": "Esperanto",
"lang_code": "eo",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "pralingvo"
},
{
"code": "et",
"lang": "Estonian",
"lang_code": "et",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "algkeel"
},
{
"code": "fi",
"lang": "Finnish",
"lang_code": "fi",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "kantakieli"
},
{
"code": "fr",
"lang": "French",
"lang_code": "fr",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protolangue"
},
{
"code": "gl",
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protolingua"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "puʒeena",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ფუძეენა"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "c̣inare ena",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "წინარე ენა"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "ṗroṭo-ena",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "პროტო-ენა"
},
{
"code": "ka",
"lang": "Georgian",
"lang_code": "ka",
"roman": "saerto ena",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "საერთო ენა"
},
{
"code": "de",
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "Ursprache"
},
{
"code": "el",
"lang": "Greek",
"lang_code": "el",
"roman": "protoglóssa",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "πρωτογλώσσα"
},
{
"code": "hi",
"lang": "Hindi",
"lang_code": "hi",
"roman": "ādibhāṣā",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "आदिभाषा"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "alapnyelv"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ősnyelv"
},
{
"code": "hu",
"lang": "Hungarian",
"lang_code": "hu",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "protonyelv"
},
{
"code": "is",
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "frummál"
},
{
"code": "id",
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "bahasa proto"
},
{
"code": "it",
"lang": "Italian",
"lang_code": "it",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protolingua"
},
{
"alt": "そご",
"code": "ja",
"lang": "Japanese",
"lang_code": "ja",
"roman": "sogo",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "祖語"
},
{
"code": "ks",
"lang": "Kashmiri",
"lang_code": "ks",
"roman": "jad zabān",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "جَد زَبان"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "atatil",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ататіл"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "tektil",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "тектіл"
},
{
"code": "kk",
"lang": "Kazakh",
"lang_code": "kk",
"roman": "tüptil",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "түптіл"
},
{
"code": "ko",
"lang": "Korean",
"lang_code": "ko",
"roman": "peuroto'eo",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "프로토어"
},
{
"code": "lt",
"lang": "Lithuanian",
"lang_code": "lt",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "prokalbė"
},
{
"code": "mk",
"lang": "Macedonian",
"lang_code": "mk",
"roman": "prajazik",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "прајазик"
},
{
"code": "no",
"lang": "Norwegian",
"lang_code": "no",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "urspråk"
},
{
"code": "pl",
"lang": "Polish",
"lang_code": "pl",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"inanimate",
"masculine"
],
"word": "prajęzyk"
},
{
"code": "pt",
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protolíngua"
},
{
"code": "ro",
"lang": "Romanian",
"lang_code": "ro",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protolimbă"
},
{
"code": "ru",
"lang": "Russian",
"lang_code": "ru",
"roman": "prajazýk",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "праязы́к"
},
{
"code": "scn",
"lang": "Sicilian",
"lang_code": "scn",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "prutulingua"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "prajazyk"
},
{
"code": "sk",
"lang": "Slovak",
"lang_code": "sk",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "protojazyk"
},
{
"code": "sl",
"lang": "Slovene",
"lang_code": "sl",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "prajezik"
},
{
"code": "es",
"lang": "Spanish",
"lang_code": "es",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "protolengua"
},
{
"code": "sv",
"lang": "Swedish",
"lang_code": "sv",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "urspråk"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "proto dil"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ön dil"
},
{
"code": "tr",
"lang": "Turkish",
"lang_code": "tr",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "ana dil"
},
{
"code": "tyv",
"lang": "Tuvan",
"lang_code": "tyv",
"roman": "ögbe dıl",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "өгбе дыл"
},
{
"code": "uk",
"lang": "Ukrainian",
"lang_code": "uk",
"roman": "pramóva",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "прамо́ва"
},
{
"code": "vi",
"lang": "Vietnamese",
"lang_code": "vi",
"sense": "common ancestor language",
"word": "tiền ngôn ngữ"
}
],
"word": "proto-language"
}
Download raw JSONL data for proto-language meaning in All languages combined (22.2kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.